When Goldman Sachs released its 2016 research estimate for the S&P 500, it prompted me to wonder what lessons small- to mid-size companies could learn from the examples of their S&P 500 big brothers. The answer: There’s much to be gained from following these leaders’ examples, but they need to be modified to the specific goals and needs of smaller enterprises. The bottom line is that they’re focused on increasing profitability (you should be, too), and they’re spending trillions to do it. Goldman Sachs estimates that Standard & Poor’s 500 companies will spend $2.2 trillion in 2016 to make their companies more profitable or to make money for their shareholders. While you may not have that kind of cash available to you, you can model...